نقش پلیمرها در توسعه مواد تغییر فاز برای ذخیره انرژی: مروری بر روش‌های کپسول‌دارشدن و کاربردهای آن‌ها

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

تهران، پژوهشگاه پلیمر و پتروشیمی ایران، پژوهشکده علوم، گروه علوم پلیمر، صندوق پستی 112-14975

چکیده

 با جدی‌شدن بحران انرژی در سال‌های اخیر، مواد تغییر فاز (PCMs) بهترین گزینه برای ذخیره انرژی گرمایی هستند و توجه ویژه‌ای را در این زمینه جلب کرده‌اند. PCMها، انرژی را طی فرایند گرمادهی همراه با انتقال‌های فاز جذب می‌کنند. این انرژی می‌تواند طی فرایند سرمایش به محیط اطراف منتقل شود. به‌عبارت دیگر، این ترکیبات قابلیت ذخیره و آزادسازی مقادیر زیادی گرما را از راه انتقال‌های فاز با تغییر جزئی دما دارند. PCMها به چهار گروه مواد آلی، غیرآلی، اوتکتیک و پلیمری دسته‌بندی می‌شوند. اما، عمده‌ترین محدودیت PCMها، مشکل اختلاط آن‌ها با سایر مواد است. کپسول‌دارشدن بهترین راه‌حل برای استفاده مؤثر از PCMها به‌منظور افزایش سرعت انتقال گرما، جلوگیری از نشت، کاهش برهم‌کنش با محیط بیرون و تغییرات حجم محدود آن‌ها طی تغییر فاز است. کپسول‌دارشدن، فرایند پوشش‌دهی PCM‌ها با ماده‌ای مناسب برای محافظت جامدات، مایعات یا گازها درون پوسته جامد است. مواد کپسول‌دارشده بر اساس اندازه کپسول به انواع ماکروکپسول‌ها، میکروکپسول‌‌ها و نانوکپسول‌ها دسته‌بندی می‌شوند. از این میان، میکروکپسول‌دارشدن روشی موفق برای توسعه کاربرد PCM‌ها در صنایع ساختمان، داروسازی، کشاورزی و نساجی است. انواع مختلف میکروکپسول‌ها می‌توانند با گستره‌ای از مواد پوسته با روش‌های مختلف فیزیکی، فیزیکی-شیمیایی و شیمیایی تهیه شوند. بسته به ماهیت شیمیایی، سه نوع مواد پوسته شامل پوسته‌های آلی، غیرآلی و هیبریدهای آلی-غیرآلی برای میکروکپسول‌دارشدن به‌کارگرفته می‌شوند. مواد پلیمری متداول برای استفاده در پوسته شامل پلی‌پروپیلن، پلی‌اتیلن، پلی‌اوره، پلی‌استیرن، پلی‌آمید، رزین‌های اوره-فرمالدهید، ملامین-فرمالدهید و آکریلی هستند. با توجه به اهمیت روش‌های کپسول‌دارشدن و کاربردهای متنوع CM‌های کپسول‌دار‌شده در صنایع مختلف، در این مقاله مهم‌ترین روش‌های کپسول‌دارشدن PCM‌هادر تهیه PCM‌های پایدار با درنظرگرفتن نقش پلیمرها مرور شده است.  

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Role of Polymers in Developing Phase Change Materials for Energy Storage: A Review on Encapsulation Methods and Their Applications

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hajar Jamshidi
  • Ali Reza Mahdavian
Department of Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box 14975-112,, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

With serious energy crisis in recent years, phase change materials (PCMs) are among the best choice for thermal energy storage. These materials have attracted special attention in energy saving. PCMs absorb energy during the heating process accompanied by their phase transitions. This energy can be transferred into the surrounding environment during the cooling process. In other words, these compounds have the ability to store and release high amount of heat through phase transitions with a slight temperature variation. PCMs are classified into four groups of organic, inorganic, eutectic and polymeric materials. However, the major limitation of PCMs is their mixing problem with other materials. Encapsulation might be the best way for effective use of PCMs to increase heat transfer rate, preventing their leakage, reducing their interaction with the external media and limit volume changes during phase change. Encapsulation is a coating process of PCMs with a suitable material to protect solids, liquids or gases in a solid shell. Encapsulated materials are categorized into macrocapsules, microcapsules, and nanocapsules, based on the capsule size. Among these, microencapsulation is a successful method to develop PCMs application in construction, pharmaceutics, agriculture, and textile industries. Different types of microcapsules can be made with a wide range of shell materials by various physical, physico-chemical and chemical methods. Depending on the chemical nature, three types of shell materials are used for microcapsulation, including organic, inorganic, and organic/inorganic hybrids. The conventional polymeric compounds in the shell include polypropylene, polyethylene, polyurethane, polystyrene, polyamide, urea-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde and acrylic resins. Due to the importance of encapsulation methods and versatile applications of encapsulated PCMs in various industries, the most important methods for encapsulation of PCMs are reviewed in this paper in preparation of stable PCMs by consideration of the role of polymers.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • phase change materials
  • microencapsulation
  • polymerization
  • phase transition
  • thermal energy storage

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مجله علوم و تکنولوژی پلیمر
دوره 33، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 167
مرداد و شهریور 1399
صفحه 179-212

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