مروری بر ترکیبات بازدارنده شعله برای رزین‌های اپوکسی

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 تهران، پژوهشگاه پلیمر و پتروشیمی ایران، پژوهشکده فرایند، گروه کامپوزیت، صندوق پستی 112-14975

2 تهران، پژوهشگاه پلیمر و پتروشیمی ایران، پژوهشکده پتروشیمی، گروه چسب و رزین، صندوق پستی 112-14975

چکیده

رزین‌های اپوکسی به‌دلیل مقاومت عالی در برابر گرما، رطوبت و مواد شیمیایی، استحکام کششی زیاد، جمع‌شدگی کم حین پخت و پایداری ابعادی عالی، به‌طور گسترده به‌عنوان مواد کپسولی‌کننده در صنایع الکتریکی و الکترونیکی، حمل‌و‌نقل، پوشش‌ها، چسب‌ها و کامپوزیت‌های پیشرفته استفاده می‌شوند. رزین‌های اپوکسی بسیار اشتعال‌پذیرند و این ماهیت اشتعال‌پذیری، کاربرد آن‌ها را در زمینه‌هایی که به بازدارندگی زیاد در برابر شعله نیاز باشد، به‌طور جدی محدود می‌کند. برای غلبه بر این مسئله چالش‌برانگیز، چند راهکار مانند استفاده از بازدارنده‌های شعله بر پایه هالوژن، ترکیبات آلی فسفر (نظیر آمونیوم پلی‌فسفات و ملامین پلی‌فسفات)، ترکیبات معدنی (نظیر آلومینیم تری‌هیدرات و منیزیم هیدروکسید)، بازدارنده‌های شعله بر پایه نیتروژن و سیلیکون، بازدارنده‌های متورم‌شونده و نانوذرات پیشنهاد شده است. اغلب ترکیبات فسفردار به‌عنوان جایگزین‌هایی برای ترکیبات هالوژن‌دارشده در رزین‎های اپوکسی بازدارنده شعله به‌کار گرفته می‌شوند. از ترکیبات فسفر متفاوتی به‌عنوان عوامل بازدارنده شعله به‌صورت افزودنی یا مواد واکنشی استفاده می‌شود. در مقایسه با عوامل افزودنی برای بازدارندگی شعله، ترکیبات آلی فسفر واکنشی در رزین‌های اپوکسی، کارایی بازدارندگی شعله عالی نشان می‌دهند. این ترکیبات می‌توانند به‌طور شیمیایی، به‌عنوان بخشی از عامل پخت یا به‌کمک خود ساختار رزین‌های اپوکسی به پیکره شبکه منتقل شوند و ویژگی بازدارندگی ذاتی در برابر شعله را القا کنند. در این مقاله، طبقه‌بندی بازدارنده‌های‌ شعله (بر پایه هالوژن، ترکیبات آلی فسفر، مواد معدنی، مواد بر پایه نیتروژن و سیلیکون، بازدارنده‌های متورم‌شونده و نانوکامپوزیت‌ها)، چرخه سوختن پلیمرها و کاربرد مواد بازدارنده شعله، به‌ویژه مواد بر پایه فسفر، برای رزین‌های اپوکسی مطالعه و مرور می‌شوند. آزمون‌های مختلف ارزیابی بازدارندگی شعله نظیر UL-94، شاخص حدی اکسیژن و گرماسنجی مخروطی نیز به‌اختصار شرح داده می‌شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Flame Retardant Compounds for Epoxy Resins: A Review

نویسندگان [English]

  • Jamshid Kamalipour 1
  • Mohammad Hosain Beheshty 1
  • Mohamad Jalaledin Zohuriaan-Mehr 2
1 Department of Composite, Faculty of Polymer Processing, Faculty of Petrochemical; Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box: 14975-112, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Adhesive and Resin, Faculty of Petrochemical; Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box: 14975-112, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Epoxy resins are widely used as encapsulating materials in the electronic and electrical industries, transportation, coatings, adhesives, and advanced composite matrices owing to their excellent heat, moisture and chemical resistance, high tensile strength, low shrinkage on curing, and excellent dimensional stability. Epoxy resins are very flammable; this nature seriously restricts their widespread applications, especially in the areas requiring high flame retardancy. To address this challenging problem, several approaches, such as use of halogen-based flame retardant, organophosphorus compounds (e.g., ammonium polyphosphate and melamine polyphosphate), inorganic flame retardants (most widely used alumina trihydrate and magnesium hydroxide known as ATH and MDH, respectively), nitrogen-based flame retardants, silicon-based flame retardants, intumescent flame retardants, and nanomaterials have been proposed. Phosphorus-containing compounds are mostly used as substitutes for the halogenated compounds in flame-retardant epoxy resins. Various phosphorus compounds are used as additive or reactive flame retardants. Comparing the additive flame retardants, reactive organophosphorus compounds present excellent flame retardant efficiency in the case of epoxy resins and it can be chemically linked to the backbone of the network either through being part of the curing agent or through the structure of epoxy resins itself and giving intrinsic flame retardancy. In this review, classification of flame retardants (halogen-based flame retardants, organophosphorus compounds, inorganic flame retardants, nitrogen- and silicon-based flame retardants, intumescent flame retardants and nanocomposites), the combustion cycle of polymers and application of flame retardants, especially phosphorus-based flame retardants for epoxy resins are introduced and classified. Experimental test methods for evaluation of flame retardancy like UL-94, limiting oxygen index and cone calorimeter are also discussed.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • epoxy resin
  • flame retardant
  • reactive
  • additive
  • phosphorus

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  96. Standard Test Method for the Determination of Combustibility Parameters of Building Materials Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter (Cone Calorimeter), ULC-S135, 2018.

 

مجله علوم و تکنولوژی پلیمر
دوره 34، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 171
فروردین و اردیبهشت 1400
صفحه 3-27

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