تهیه و بررسی خواص نانوکامپوزیت زیست‌تخریب‌پذیر بر پایه پلی(‌لاکتیک اسید)-پلی(‌بوتیلن آدیپات-co-ترفتالات)

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

تهران، دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر. دانشکده مهندسی پلیمر و رنگ، صندوق پستی 4413-15875

چکیده

فرضیه‌: به‌منظور کاهش آلودگی‌های زیست‌محیطی، جایگزینی پلیمرهای پایه‌نفتی با مواد زیست‌تخریب‌پذیر اجتناب‌ناپذیر است. پلی(لاکتیک اسید) (PLA) به‌دلیل زیست‌تخریب‌پذیری و زیست‌سازگاری و نیز استحکام کششی زیاد یکی از جایگزین‌های مناسب برای پلیمرهای سنتزی بوده اما استفاده از آن به‌دلیل شکنندگی با محدودیت‌هایی همراه است.
روش‌ها: در این پژوهش، آمیخته‌های PLA دارای %25 وزنی پلی(‌بوتیلن آدیپات-co-ترفتالات) (PBAT) تهیه شد  که پلیمری زیست‌تخریب‌پذیر و انعطاف‌پذیر است. نانوکامپوزیت‌های دارای 1 و  3phr نانورس  (کلویزیت 20A) نیز تهیه شدند. سپس، اثر سازگارکنندگی زنجیرافزا در این سامانه و خواص شکل‌شناسی، رئولوژیکی، مکانیکی و گرمایی تمام نمونه‌ها مطالعه شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج رئولوژی افزایش شایان توجه در مدول ذخیره و گران‌روی مختلط را در نمونه‌های دارای نانورس و زنجیرافزا نشان داد. تصاویر SEM، شکل‌شناسی قطره-ماتریس را برای نمونه‌ها مشخص کرد. نشان داده شد، فاز پراکنده PBAT در نانوکامپوزیت‌ها، به‌ویژه در نمونه دارای  3phr نانورس و 0.5 زنجیرافزا، کاهش زیادی یافته است (2.54µm به 1.15µm). نتایج آزمون‌های مکانیکی نشان داد، همه نانوکامپوزیت‌ها، به‌ویژه نمونه‌های دارای نانورس و زنجیرافزا، بهبود شایان ‌توجهی را در خواص مکانیکی نسبت به PLA خالص نشان دادند (حدود 13.6 برابر افزایش طول تا پارگی و بیش از 2 برابر استحکام ضربه‌ای برای نانوکامپوزیت دارای  3phr نانورس و 0.5phr  زنجیرافزا). این یافته‌ها که نتایج رئولوژی و شکل‌شناسی را تأیید می‌کنند، اثر هم‌افزایی نانورس و زنجیرافزا را برای سازگارسازی آمیخته PLA/PBAT نشان می‌دهد. نتایج XRD افزایش فاصله صفحه‌های نانورس از یکدیگر را نشان داد که به نفوذ زنجیر‌های پلیمری در لایه‌های آن نسبت داده شد. نتایج آزمون DSC نیز حاکی از افزایش بلورینگی نمونه‌ها با وجود ذرات نانورس بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Biodegradable Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Nanocomposite

نویسندگان [English]

  • Danial Bajelan
  • Azizeh Javadi
Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Hypothesis: In order to reduce the environmental pollution, it is an inevitable approach to replace petroleum polymers with biodegradable materials. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the suitable alternatives for synthetic polymers, due to its biodegradability and biocompatibility as well as high tensile strength, but the application of PLA faces limitations due to its brittleness.
Methods: In this research, blends of PLA containing 25% (by wt) poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), a biodegradable and flexible polymer, were prepared. Nanocomposites containing 1 and 3 phr nanoclay (Cloisite 20A) were prepared at the same time. The compatibilizing effect of chain extender (CE) (ADR 4368) (0.5 phr) for this system was investigated. The rheological, morphological, mechanical and thermal properties of all samples have been studied. 
Findings: Rheology results show a significant increase in the storage modulus and complex viscosity of samples containing both nanoclay and chain extender. SEM images illustrate droplet-matrix morphology of all samples. It is shown that the size of PBAT dispersed phase in nanocomposites is decreased, especially in the sample containing 3 phr nanoclay and 0.5 phr chain extender (2.54 to 1.15 mm). The results of mechanical tests show that all nanocomposites, specially samples containing both nanoclay and chain extender have made a significant improvement in all mechanical properties, in comparison to a neat PLA (about 13.6 times in elongation-at-break and more than twice in impact strength for nanocomposite containing 3 phr nanoclay and 0.5 phr chain extender). These findings confirm the results of rheology and morphology and reveal a synergistic effect of using nanoclay and chain extender for the compatibilization of the system. The XRD analysis reveals an increase in the distance of nanoclay plates, which is due to diffusion of polymer chains into its layers. Finally, the DSC analysis shows that the crystallinity of the samples increases in the presence of nanoclay particles.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • PLA
  • PBAT
  • Nanoclay
  • Blend
  • Nanocomposite

مراجع

  1. Gigante V., Canesi I., Cinelli P., Beatrice Coltelli M., and Lazzeri A., Rubber Toughening of Polylactic Acid (PLA) with Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT): Mechanical Properties, Fracture Mechanics and Analysis of Ductile-to-Brittle Behavior while Varying Temperature and Test Speed, Polym. J., 115, 125-137, 2019.
  2. Kim D.Y., Lee J.B., Lee D.Y., and Seo K.H., Plasticization Effect of Poly(lactic acid) in the Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephalate) Blown Film for Tear Resistance Improvement, Polymers, 12, 1904, 2020.
  3. Freitas A.L., Tonini Filho L.R., Calvao P.S., and Catelli de Souza A.M., Effect of Montmorillonite and Chain Extender on Rheological, Morphological and Biodegradation Behavior of PLA/PBAT Blends, Test., 62, 189-195, 2017.
  4. Karimtehrani M., Ehsani Namin P., and Ghasemi I., Functionalization of Graphene Nanoplatelets and the Shape Memory Properties of Nanocomposites Based on Thermoplastic Elastomer Polyurethane/Poly(vinyl chloride)/Graphene Nanoplateletes, J. Polym. Sci. Technol. (Persian), 30, 287-297, 2017.
  5. Moradi S., Sadat Hosseini Z., and Khademzadeh Yeganeh J., Poly(lactic acid)/Ethylene-co-Vinyl Acetate Super Tough Blend with the Simultaneous Addition of Hydrophobic Nanoparticles and Compatibilizer, J. Polym. Sci. Technol. (Persian), 33, 509-524, 2021.
  6. Ghasemi E., Baba Ahmadi M., and Sabzi M., Mechanical Properties and Shape Memory of Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(vinyl acetate), J. Polym. Sci. Technol. (Persian), 31, 57-68, 2019.
  7. Lins L.C., Livi S., Duchet-Rumeau J., and Gerard J.F., Phosphonium Ionic Liquids as New Compatibilizing Agents of Biopolymer Blends Composed of Poly(butylene-adipate-co-terephtalate)/Poly(lactic acid) (PBAT/PLA), RSC Adv., 5, 59082-59092, 2015.
  8. Wang B., Jin Y., Kang K., Yang N., Weng Y., Huang Z., Men S., Jaieau K., Kumsang P., and Sripethdee C., Investigation on Compatibility of PLA/PBAT Blends Modified by Epoxy-Terminated Branched Polymers through Chemical Micro-Crosslinking, e-Polymers, 20, 39-54, 2020.
  9. He H., Liu B., Xue B., and Zhang H., Study on Structure and Properties of Biodegradable PLA/PBAT/Organic-Modified MMT Nanocomposites, Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., 35, 1-18, 2018.
  10. Correa J.P., Bacigalupe A., Maggi J., and Eisenberg P., Biodegradable PLA/PBAT/Clay Nanocomposites: Morphological, Rheological and Thermomechanical Behavior, Renew. Mater., 4, 258-265, 2016.
  11. Chen X., Zeng Z., Ju Y., Zhou M., Bai H., and Fu Q., Design of Biodegradable PLA/PBAT Blends with Balanced Toughness and Strength via Interfacial Compatibilization and Dynamic Vulcanization, Polymer, 266, 125620,
  12. Bianchi M., Dorigato A., Morreale M.,  and Pegoretti A.,  Evaluation of the Physical and Shape Memory Properties of Fully Biodegradable Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/Poly(butylene adipate terephthalate) (PBAT) Blends, Polymers, 15, 2023.
  13. Shen S., Compatibilization, Processing and Characterization of Poly(butylene adipate terephthalate)/Polylactide (PBAT/PLA) Blends, Res. Express, 9, 2022.
  14. Zheng Y., Jia X., Zhao Zh., Ran Y., Du M., Ji H., Pan Y., Li Z., Ma X., Liu Y., Duan L., and Li X., Innovative Natural Antimicrobial Natamycin Incorporated Titanium Dioxide (Nano-TiO2)/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)/Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) Biodegradable Active Film (NTP@PLA) and Application in Grape Preservation, Food Chemistry, 400, 134100, 2023.
  15. Da Silva P., Fortes S., de Abreu R., De Carvalho H., De Almeida B., Alves S., and Barbosa R., Development of Biodegradable PLA/PBAT-Based Filaments for Fertilizer Release for Agricultural Applications, Materials, 15, 6764, 2022.
  16. Thiyagu T.T., Gokilakrishnan G., and Uvaraja V.C., Effect of SiO2/TiO2and ZnO Nanoparticle on Cardanol Oil Compatibilized PLA/PBAT Biocomposite Packaging Film, Silicon, 14, 3795-3808, 2022.
  17. Kullapop S., Wassanai W., and Chawan M., Preparation and Characterization of Porous Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PLA/PBAT) Scaffold with Polydopamine-Assisted Biomineralization for Bone Regeneration, Materials, 15, 7756, 2022.
  18. Kang Y., Chen P., Shi X., Zhang G., and Wang C., Preparation of Open-Porous Stereocomplex PLA/PBAT Scaffolds and Correlation between Their Morphology, Mechanical Behavior, and Cell Compatibility, RSC Adv., 8, 12933-12943, 2018.
  19. Khatsee , Daranarong D., Punyodom W., and Worajittiphon P., Electrospinning Polymer Blend of PLA and PBAT: Electrospinnability-Solubility Map and Effect of Polymer Solution Parameters toward Application as Antibiotic-Carrier Mats, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 28, 1-19, 2018.
  20. Chen J., Hu R., Jin L., and Park J., Synergistic Reinforcing of Poly(lactic acid) by Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) and Alumina Nanoparticles, Appl. Polym. Sci., 138, 50250, 2020.
  21. Nofar M., Heuzey M, Carreau P.J., and Kamal M.R., Effects of Nanoclay and Its Localization on the Morphology Stabilization of PLA/PBAT Blends under Shear Flow, Polymer, 98, 353-364, 2016.
  22. Lee S., Kim M., Yong Song H., and Hyun K., Characterization of the Effect of Clay on Morphological Evaluations of PLA/Biodegradable Polymer Blends by FT-Rheology, Macromolecules, 52,7904-7919, 2019.
  23. Moustafa H., Kissi N., Abou-Kandil A., Abdel-Aziz M., and Dufresne A., PLA/PBAT Bionanocomposites with Antimicrobial Natural Rosin for Green Packaging, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 20132-20141, 2017.
  24. Al-Itry R., Lamnawar K., and Maazouz A., Improvement of Thermal Stability, Rheological and Mechanical Properties of PLA, PBAT and Their Blends by Reactive Extrusion with Functionalized Epoxy, Degrad. Stab., 97, 1898-1914, 2012.
  25. Pan H., Li Z., Yang J., Li X., Ai X., Hao Y., Zhang H., and Dong L., The Effect of MDI on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Poly(lactic acid) and Poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) Blends, RSC Adv., 8, 4610-4623, 2018.
  26. Shankar S. and Rhim J., Preparation of Antibacterial
    Poly(lactide)/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Composite Films Incorporated with Grapefruit Seed Extract, J. Bbiolog. Macromol., 120, 846-852, 2018.
  27. Çoban O., Bora O., Kutluk T., and Ozkoc G., Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Volcanic Particle Filled PLA/PBAT Composites, Compos., 39, 1500-1511, 2018.
  28. Wang X., Peng S., Chen H., Yu X., and Zhao X., Mechanical Properties, Rheological Behaviors, and Phase Morphologies of High-Toughness PLA/PBAT Blends by In-Situ Reactive Compatibilization, Part B: Eng., 173, 1359-8368, 2019.
  29. Li K., Peng J., Turng S., and Huang X., Dynamic Rheological Behavior and Morphology of Polylactide/Poly(butylenes adipate-co-terephthalate) Blends with Various Composition Ratios, Polym. Technol., 30, 150-157, 2011.
  30. Ai X., Li X., Yu Y., Pan H., Yang J., Wang D., Yang H., Zhang H., and Dong L., The Mechanical, Thermal, Rheological and Morphological Properties of PLA/PBAT Blown Films by Using Bis(tert-butyl dioxy isopropyl) Benzene as Crosslinking Agent, Eng. Sci., 59, 227-236, 2019.
  31. Arruda L., Magaton M., Bretas R., and Ueki M., Influence of Chain Extender on Mechanical, Thermal and Morphological Properties of Blown Films of PLA/PBAT Blends, Test., 43, 27-37, 2015.
  32. Nofar M., Heuzey M.C., Carreau P.J., and Kamal M.R., Effects of Nanoclay and Its Localization on the Morphology Stabilization of PLA/PBAT Blends under Shear Flow, Polymer, 98, 353-364, 2016.
  33. Lee S., Kim M., Song H.Y., and Hyun K., Characterization of the Effect of Clay on Morphological Evaluations of PLA/Biodegradable Polymer Blends by FT-Rheology, Macromolecules, 52, 7904-7919, 2019.
  34. Adrar S., Habi A., Ajji A., and Grohens Y., Synergistic Effects in Epoxy Functionalized Graphene and Modified Organomontmorillonite PLA/PBAT Blends, Clay Sci., 157, 65-75, 2018.

 

مجله علوم و تکنولوژی پلیمر
دوره 36، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 183
فروردین و اردیبهشت 1402
صفحه 87-101

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار