مروری بر نانوکامپوزیت‌های رزین پلی‌استر اشباع‌نشده

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

تهران، پژوهشگاه پلیمر و پتروشیمی ایران، پژوهشکده فرایند، گروه کامپوزیت، صندوق پستی 112-14975

چکیده

پلی‌استرهای اشباع‌نشده شامل انواع ارتو، ایزو، بیس‌فنولی و وینیل استر بوده که به‌شکل ماتریس و پوشش پرمصرف‌ترین رزین‌های پلیمری گرماسخت هستند و حدود سه‌چهارم کل رزین‌های گرماسخت مصرفی در صنعت را تشکیل می‌دهند. از برتری‌های عمده رزین‌های پلی‌استر اشباع‌نشده می‌توان به قیمت کم، گران‌روی کم، خواص مکانیکی و مقاومت شیمیایی خوب، سبکی، جذب رطوبت کم، پخت بدون تشکیل محصول فرار و قابلیت فراورش ساده با روش‌های فراوری متداول، اشاره کرد. پلی‌استرهای اشباع‌نشده در گستره‌ای از کاربردهای صنعتی مهم شامل کامپوزیت‌ها، پوشش‌ها، درزگیرها و نیز در خطوط لوله، مخزن‌های ذخیره مواد شیمیایی و سوخت و قطعات کارآمد برای صنایع ساختمان، الکتریکی و حمل‌ونقل زمینی و دریایی استفاده شده‌اند. اما جمع‌شدگی زیاد پس از پخت، پایداری ضعیف در برابر آتش و آلودگی زیست‌محیطی ناشی از فراریت استیرن، کاربرد آن‌ها را در بعضی زمینه‌ها محدود می‌کند. در دهه‌های گذشته، استفاده از نانوپرکننده در پلیمرها برای تشکیل نانوکامپوزیت‌های پلیمری به‌دلیل قابلیت ترکیب‌کردن برتری‌های نانوپرکننده‌ها و پلیمرها، توجه پژوهشگران را جلب کرده است. از این‌رو، توسعه نانوکامپوزیت‌های رزین‌های پلی‌استر اشباع‌نشده این رزین‌ها را برای کاربردهای فعلی و نوظهوری مطلوب می‌سازد که نیازمند استحکام ویژه زیاد، حفاظت الکترومغناطیسی و بهبود پایداری گرمایی هستند. اما، چالش اصلی در تهیه نانوکامپوزیت‌ها دستیابی به پراکنش همگن نانوپرکننده درون ماتریس پلیمر بوده که کلید اصلی دستیابی به خواص دلخواه است. بنابراین، هدف مطالعه حاضر ارزیابی پژوهش‌های انجام‌شده در زمینه تهیه نانوکامپوزیت‌های رزین‌ پلی‌استر اشباع‌نشده و بررسی خواص آن‌ها و در نهایت بیان محدودیت‌ها در ساخت این نانوکامپوزیت‌هاست. بدین منظور، ابتدا انواع نانوپرکننده‌های استفاده‌شده در این سامانه‌ها دسته‌بندی شده و روش‌های اختلاط نانوپرکننده‌ها با رزین‌های پلی‌استر اشباع‌نشده معرفی می‌شوند. سپس، با توجه به پژوهش‌های انجام‌شده در این زمینه اثر افزودن نانوپرکننده‌ها بر خواص این نانوکامپوزیت‌ها مرور می‌شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Unsaturated Polyester Resin Nanocomposites: An Overview

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hajar Jamshidi
  • Mohammad Hosain Beheshty
  • Mohammad Ali Fathizadeh
Department of Composite, Faculty of Polymer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box 14975-112, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) including ortho, iso, bisphenolic and vinylester are the most widely used thermosetting polymeric resins in the form of coating and matrix in the industry, making up around three quarters of all thermoset resins used in the industry. The major advantages of UPRs include low cost, low viscosity, good mechanical properties and chemical resistance, lightness, low moisture absorption, curing without the formation of volatiles, and simple processing with conventional processing methods. UPRs have been used  in a wide variety of applications including composites, coatings, sealants, chemical and fuel storage tanks, and high-performance components for the construction, marine and land transportation, and electrical industries. However their high shrinkage after curing, low fire resistance and  environmental pollution due to volatile styrene have limited their use. In the past decades, the use of nanofillers in polymers to form polymer nanocomposites has attracted attention due to the ability to combine the advantages of nanofillers and polymers. In addition, the development of nanocomposites of UPRs has made these resins desirable for current and emerging applications that require high specific strength, electromagnetic shielding and improved thermal stability. However, due to the high tendency of nanoparticles to agglomerate, the main challenge in the preparation of nanocomposites is to achieve a homogeneous distribution of nanofillers in the matrix, which is the main key to achieving the desired properties. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate extensive research in this field and to recognize the existing limitations related to the manufacture of these nanocomposites. For this purpose, firstly, the types of nanofillers are categorized and the mixing of nanofillers with UPRs is introduced. Then, the effect of adding nanofillers on the properties of these nanocomposites is reviewed according to the research works done in this field. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • resin
  • unsaturated polyester
  • nanocomposite
  • dispersion methods
  • properties

مراجع

  1. Unsaturated Polyester Resins: Fundamentals, Design, Fabrication, and Applications, Thomas S., Hosur M., and Chirayil C.J. (Eds.), Elsevier, Chapts. 1, 2, 4, and 22, 2019.
  2. Dholakiya B., Unsaturated Polyester Resin for Specialty Applications, in Polyester, 7, InTech, 2012.
  3. Jones F.R., Unsaturated Polyester Resins, in Brydson’s Plastics Materials, 26, Elsevier, 8th ed., 2017.
  4. Ahamad A., Lubi C.M., Mohan A., Safeer M., and Thachil E.T., Synthesis of Unsaturated Polyester Resin-Effect of Anhydride Composition, Monomers Polym., 4, 261-268, 2001.
  5. Cherian B. and Thachil E.T., Synthesis of Unsaturated Polyester Resin-Effect of Choice of Reactants and Their Relative Proportions, J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater., 53, 829-845, 2004.
  6. Chandresh M.P., Ani Dechamma C.D., Bhavana M., Rameshwara N., and Roopa S., Toughening of Unsaturated Polyester Resin by Solid Elastomers and Liquid Rubbers: A Review, Res. J. Eng. Technol., 8, 4885-4891, 2021.
  7. Hayaty M. and Beheshty M.H., Shrinkage, Cure Characterization and Processing of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Containing PVAc Low-Profile Additive, Polym. J., 13, 389-396, 2004.
  8. Beheshty M.H., Nasiri H., and Vafayan M., Gel Time and Exotherm Behavior Studies of an Unsaturated Polyester Resin Initiated and Promoted with Dual Systems, Polym. J., 14, 990-999, 2005.
  9. Beheshty M.H., Hayaty M., and Vafayan M., Evaluation of Low-Profile Additives in the Curing of Unsaturated Polyester Resins at Low Temperatures, Polym. J., 15,143-153, 2006.
  10. Mozaffari S.M., Beheshty M.H., and Vafayan M., Effect of Molecular Weight of Polyvinyl Acetate on Volume Shrinkage of an Unsaturated Polyester Resin, J. Polym. Sci. Technol. (Persian), 19, 101-109, 2006.
  11. Vafayan M., Beheshty M.H., and Nasiri H., A Kinetic Model for the Low Temperature Curing of an Unsaturated Polyester Resin with Single and Dual Initiators, Polym. Compos., 15, 183-190, 2007.
  12. Sabet A.R., Beheshty M.H., and Rahimi H., High Velocity Impact Behavior of GRP Panels Containing Coarse Sized Sand Filler, Polym. Compos., 29, 932-938, 2008.
  13. Sabet A.R., Beheshty M.H., and Rahimi H., Experimental Study of Sharp-Tipped Projectile Perforation of GFRP Plates Containing Sand Filler under High Velocity Impact and Quasi Static Loadings, Polym. Compos., 30, 1497-1509, 2009.
  14. Naderi N., Beheshty M.H., and Mazinani S., Effect of Initiator on Thermal Curing of Unsaturated Polyester Resins, J. Polym. Sci. Technol. (Persian), 23, 415-422, 2010.
  15. Zare L., Beheshty M.H., and Vafayan M., The Evaluation of Low Profile Additives on the Shrinkage Control of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Cured at Room Temperature, Polym.Compos., 20, 289-298, 2012.
  16. Hsissou R., Seghiri R., Benzekri Z., Hilali M., Rafik M., and Elharfi A., Polymer Composite Materials: A Comprehensive Review, Struct., 262, 113640, 2021.
  17. Synthesis Techniques for Polymer Nanocomposites, Mittal V. (Ed.), Wiley-VCH, Chapt. 5, 2015.
  18. Olayil R., Arumugaprabu V., Das O., and Anselm W.A.L., A Brief Review on Effect of Nanofillers on Performance of Composites, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 1059, 012006, 2021. DOI: 10:1008/1757-899X/1-59/1/0/2006
  19. Khan I., Khan I., Saeed K., Ali N., Zada N., Khan A., Ali F., Bilal M., and Akhter M.S., Polymer Nanocomposites: An Overview, in Smart Polymer Nanocomposites, Elsevier, Chapt. 7, 2023.
  20. Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Energy and Environmental Applications, Jawaid M. and Mansoob Khan M. (Eds.), Woodhead, 2018.
  21. Babu Valapa R., Loganathan S., Pugazhenthi G., Thomas S., and Varghese T.O., An Overview of Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites, in Clay-Polymer Nanocomposites, Chapt. 2, 29-81, 2017.
  22. Kumari N. and Mohan Ch., Basics of Clay Minerals and Their Characteristic Properties, in Clay and Clay Minerals, IntechOpen, Chapt. 2, 2021.
  23. Dhall N., A Review of the Recent Developments in the Field of Polymer Composites, J. Res. Anal. Rev., 5, 1070-1081, 2018.
  24. Kausar A., Review of Fundamentals and Applications of Polyester Nanocomposites Filled with Carbonaceous Nanofiled with Carbonaceous Nanofillers, Plast. Film Sheeting, 35, 22-44, 2018.
  25. Lashkari P., Divigalpitiya R., and Hrymak A.N., Thermoset/Graphene Polymer Composites-A Review of Processing and Properties, Can J. Chem. Eng.,101, 5045-5058, 2023.
  26. Yan Q.L., Gozin M., Zhao F.Q., Cohen A., and Pang S.P., Highly Energetic Compositions Based on Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials, Nanoscale, 8, 4799-4851, 2016.
  27. de Oliveira A.D. and Gonçalves Beatrice C.A., Polymer Nanocomposites with Different Types of Nanofiller, in Nanocomposites, 6, IntechOpen, 2018.
  28. Šupová M., Simha Martynková G., and Barabaszová K., Effect of Nanofillers Dispersion in Polymer Matrices: A Review, Adv. Mater., 3, 1-25, 2011.
  29. Bharadwaj R.K., Mehrabi A.R., Hamilton C., Trujillo C., Murga M., Fan R., Chavira A., and Thompson A.K., Structure- Property Relationships in Cross-Linked Polyester-Clay Nanocomposite, Polymer, 43, 3699-3705, 2002.
  30. Xu L. and Lee L.J., Kinetic Analysis and Mechanical Properties of Nanoclay Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester (UP) Resins Cured at Low Temperatures, Eng. Sci.,45, 496-509, 2005.
  31. Al-Khanbashi A., El-Gamal M., and Moet A., Reduced Shrinkage Polyester–Montmorillonite Nanocomposite, Appl.Polym. Sci., 98, 767-773, 2005.
  32. Chigwada G., Jash P., Jiang D., and Wilkie C.A., Fire Retardancy of Vinyl Ester Nanocomposites: Synergy with Phosphorus-Based Fire Retardants, Degrad. Stabil., 89, 85-100, 2005.
  33. Nazare´S., Kandola B.K., and Horrocks A.R., Flame-Retardant Unsaturated Polyester Resin Incorporating Nanoclays, Adv. Technol., 17, 294-303, 2006.
  34. You Ch., Xu J., Xi S., Duan X., Shen J., and Jia D., Properties and Morphology of Unsaturated Polyester/Acrylate-Terminated
    Polyurethane/Organomontmorillonite Nanocomposites, Chinese Polym. Sci., 23, 471- 478, 2005.
  35. Rajabian M. and Beheshty M.H., Rheology and Flow Behavior of Suspensions of Nanosized Plate-Like Particles in Polyester Resins at the Startup of Shear Flows; Experimental and Modeling, Polym. Compos., 30, 399-407, 2009.
  36. Moreira D.C., Sphaier L.A., Reis J.M.L., and Nunes L.C.S., Experimental Investigation of Heat Conduction in Polyester- Al2O3 and Polyester-CuO Nanocomposites, Therm. Fluid Sci., 35, 1458-1462, 2011.
  37. Mironi-Harpaz I. and Narkis M., Nanocomposite Systems Based on Unsaturated Polyester and Organo-Clay, Eng. Sci., 45,174-186, 2005.
  38. Yinghong X., Xin W., Xujie Y., and Lude L., Nanometre-Sized TiO2 as Applied to the Modification of Unsaturated Polyester Resin, Chem. Phys.,77, 609-611, 2002.
  39. Evora V.M. and Shukla A., Fabrication, Characterization, and Dynamic Behavior of Polyester/TiO2 Nanocomposites, Sci. Eng., 361, 358-366, 2003.
  40. Guo Zh., Liang X., Pereira T., Scaffaro R., and Hahn H.T., CuO Nanoparticle Filled Vinyl-Ester Resin Nanocomposites: Fabrication, Characterization and Property Analysis, Sci. Technol., 67, 2036-2044, 2007.
  41. Ahmadi M., Moghbeli M.R., and Shokrieh M.M., Shrinkage and Mechanical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Reinforced with Clay and Core-Shell Rubber, Polym. J., 21, 855-868, 2012.
  42. Rezadoust A.M., Esfandeh M., and Beheshty M.H., Rheological Behaviour of Styrene-Free Unsaturated Polyester-Clay Nanocomposites, Polym. Compos.,21, 101-110, 2013.
  43. Jo B., Park S., and Kim D., Mechanical Properties of Nano-MMT Reinforced Polymer Composite and Polymer Concrete, Constr. Build. Mater., 22, 14-20, 2008.
  44. Ji G. and Li G., Effects of Nanoclay Morphology on the Mechanical, Thermal, and Fire-Retardant Properties of Vinyl Ester Based Nanocomposite, Sci. Eng., 498, 327-334, 2008.
  45. Poorabdollah M., Beheshty M.H., and Vafayan M., A Study on the Kinetic Behaviour and Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Nanoclay Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Resin Prepared under High Shear Conditions, e-Polymers, 12, 1-19, 2012.
  46. Nouranian S., Toghiani H., Lacy T.E., Pittman Jr C.U., and Dubien J., Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and Optimization of Vapor-Grown Carbon Nanofiber/Vinyl Ester Nanocomposites Using Design of Experiments, Compos. Mater., 45, 1647-1657, 2010.
  47. Kayatin M.J. and Davis V.A., Viscoelasticity and Shear Stability of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Unsaturated Polyester Resin Dispersions, Macromolecules, 42, 6624-6632, 2009.
  48. Inceoglu A.B. and Yilmazew U., Synthesis and Mechanical Propertiesof Unsaturated Polyester Based Nanocomposites, Eng. Sci., 43, 661-669, 2003.
  49. Zhang Y., Cai Q., Jiang Z., and Gong K., Preparation and Properties of Unsaturated Polyester–Montmorillonite Intercalated Hybrid, Appl. Polym. Sci., 92, 2038-2044, 2004.
  50. Fang X., Sgangyue S.H., and Jing S.X., Preparation of Organic Montmorillonite and Mechanical Properties of Montmorillonite/Unsaturated Polymer Composites, Si. Ed., 20, 107-109, 2005.
  51. Lin J., Chang L.C., Nien M.H., and Ho H.L., Mechanical Behavior of Various Nanoparticle Filled Composites at Low-Velocity Impact, Compos. Struct.,74, 30-36, 2006.
  52. Wang C., Pan Z., Zhang L., Yang D., and Li W., Synergistically Modified Unsaturated Polyester Resin with Polyester Urethane and Montmorillonite: Microstructure and Properties, Adv. Technol., 17, 528-533, 2006.
  53. Dhakal H.N., Zhang Z.Y., and Richardson M.O.W., Nanoindentation Behaviour of Layered Silicate Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites, Test., 25, 846-852, 2006.
  54. Jawahar P., Gnanamoorthy R., and Balasubramanian M., Tribological Behaviour of Clay-Thermoset Polyester Nanocomposites, Wear, 261, 835-840, 2006.
  55. Beheshty M.H., Vafayan M., and Poorabdollah M., Low Profile Unsaturated Polyester Resin–Clay Nanocomposite Properties, Polym. Compos., 30, 629-638, 2009.
  56. Joadar E., Beheshty M.H., and Ataei M., Nano Clay Effect on Morphology, Mechanical Properties and Water Absorption of Vinyl Ester Based Nanocomposites, J. Polym. Sci. Technol. (Persian), 24, 104-112, 2011.
  57. Thanh T.D., Mao N.D., Kim Ngan N.T., Chi Nhan H.T., Huy H.T., and Grillet A., Study Structure and Properties of Nanocomposite Material Based on Unsaturated Polyester with Clay Modifiedby Poly(ethylene oxide), Nanomater., 2011, 1-5, 2011.
  58. Vishnu Mahesh K.R., Narasimha Murthy H.N., Kumara Swamy B.E., Sharma S.C., Sridhar R., Pattar N., Krishna M., and Sherigara B.S., Mechanical, Thermal and Fire Retardation Behaviours of Nanoclay/Vinylester Nanocomposites, Mater. Sci., 5, 401-411, 2011.
  59. Razavi S.M., Ahmadi S.J., Rahmani Cherati P., Hadi M., and Ahmadi S.A.R., Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation on Mechanical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester/Nanoclay Composites Reinforced with Carbon and Glass Fibers, Mater., 141, 103265, 2020.
  60. Liu Ch., Wang C., Tang J., Zhang J., Shang Q., Hu Y., Wang H., Wu Q., Zhou Y., Lei W., and Liu Z., High-Performance Biobased Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites with Very Low Loadings of Graphene, Polymers, 10, 1288, 2018.
  61. Haq M., Burgueño R., Mohanty A.K., and Misra M., Processing Techniques for Bio-based Unsaturated-Polyester/Clay Nanocomposites: Tensile Properties, Efficiency, and Limits, Composites, 40, 394-403, 2009.
  62. Farshidfar A., Bazgir S., Katbab A.A., and Vaziri A., Manipulation of Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Graphene Oxide/Nanoclay/Unsaturated Polyester Hybrid Nanocomposites by the Surface Chemistry and Nanofiller Composition, Test., 120, 107951, 2023.
  63. Karimzadeh M., Sabet A.R., and Beheshty M.H., Effect of Nanoclay Particles on Mold-Filling Performance in Composites Made via Resin Infusion Process, Polym. Compos., 33, 745-752, 2012.
  64. Chaeichian S., Wood-Adams P.M., and Hoa S.V., In Situ Polymerization of Polyester-Based Hybrid Systems for the Preparation of Clay Nanocomposites, Polymer, 12,1-27, 2012.
  65. Zhang M. and Singh R.P., Mechanical Reinforcement of Unsaturated Polyester by AL2O3 Nanoparticles, Lett., 58, 408-412, 2004.
  66. Guo Zh., Lei K., Li Y., Wai Ng H., Prikhodko S., and Hahn H.T., Fabrication and Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Reinforced Vinyl-Ester Resin Nanocomposites, Sci. Technol., 68, 1513-1520, 2008.
  67. Jayabalan M., Shalumon K.T., Mitha M.K., Ganesan K., and Epple M., Effect of Hydroxyapatite on the Biodegradation and Biomechanical Stability of Polyester Nanocomposites for Orthopaedic Applications, Acta Biomater., 6, 763-775, 2010.
  68. Baskaran R., Sarojadevi M., and Vijayakumar C.T., Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites Filled with Nano Alumina, Mater. Sci., 46, 4864-4871, 2011.
  69. Sudirman, Anggaravidya M., Budiantoa E., and Gunawan I., Synthesis and Characterization of Polyester-Based Nanocomposite, Procedia Chem., 4, 107-113, 2012.
  70. Ruban Y.J.V., Mon S.G., and Roy D.V., Mechanical and Thermal Studies of Unsaturated Polyester-Toughened Epoxy Composites Filled with Amine-Functionalized Nanosilica, Nanosci., 3, 7-12, 2013.
  71. Sadeghian R., Gangireddy S., Minaie B., and Hsiao K., Manufacturing Carbon Nanofibers Toughened Polyester/Glass Fiber Composites Using Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding for Enhancing the Mode-I Delamination Resistance, Composites, 37, 1787-1795, 2006.
  72. Zhou G., Movva S., and Lee L.J., Preparation and Properties of Nanoparticle and Long-Fiber-Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites, Polym. Compos., 30, 861-865, 2009.
  73. Jung K.H., Kim Y., and Lim Y., Preparation of Antibacterial Polyester Glass Mat Sheets Containing PDMAEMA-Functionalized MWNT Nanocomposites, J. Mod. Phys., 25, 4311-4314, 2011.
  74. Divakaran N., Zhang X., Kale M.B., Suhail Mubarak T.S., Dhamodharan D., Wu L., and Wang J., Fabrication of Surface Modified Graphene Oxide/Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites via In-Situ Polymerization: Comprehensive Property Enhancement, Surf. Sci., 502, 144164, 2020.
  75. Rahman M.T., Hoque A., Rahman G.T., Azmi M.M., Gafur M.A., Khan R.A., and Khalid Hossain M., Fe2O3 Nanoparticles Dispersed Unsaturated Polyester Resin Based Nanocomposites: Effect of Gamma Radiation on Mechanical Properties, Eff. Defects Solids, 174, 480-493, 2019.
  76. Pichaimani P., Arumugam H., Gopalakrishnan D., Krishnasam B., and Muthukaruppan A., Partially Exfoliated α-ZrP Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites by Simultaneous Co-polymerization and Brønsted Acid–Base Strategy, Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater., 30, 4095-4105, 2020.
  77. Rahman M.T., Hoque A., Rahman G.T., Gafur M.A., Khan R.A., and Khalid Hossain M., Study on the Mechanical, Electrical and Optical Properties of Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles Dispersed Unsaturated Polyester Resin Nanocomposites, Results Phys., 13, 102264, 2019.
  78. Bensadoun F., Kchit N., Billotte C., Trochu F., and Ruiz E., A Comparative Study of Dispersion Techniques for Nanocomposite Made with Nanoclays and an Unsaturated Polyester Resin, Nanomater., 2011, 1-12, 2011.
  79. Rajabian M., Samadfam M., Naderi G., and Beheshty M.H., Shearing and Mixing Effects on Synthesis and Properties of Organoclay/Polyester Nanocomposites, Acta, 51, 1007-1019, 2012.
  80. Rajabian M., Piroozfar H., and Beheshty M.H., Preparation and Properties of Polyester Nanocomposites: Effects of Mixing, Polym. Compos., 33, 1777-1784, 2012.
  81. Rezadoust A.M., Esfandeh M., Beheshty M.H., and Heinrich G., Effect of the Nanoclay Types on the Rheological Response of Unsaturated Polyester-Clay Nanocomposites, Eng. Sci., 53, 809-817, 2012.
  82. Vera-Agullo J., Glória-Pereira A., Varela-Rizo H., Gonzalez J.L., and Martin-GullonI., Comparative Study of the Dispersion and Functional Properties of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes and Helical-Ribbon Carbon Nanofibers in Polyester Nanocomposites, Sci. Technol., 69, 1521-1532, 2009.
  83. Konwar U., Karak N., Mandal M., and Mesua Ferrea L., Seed Oil Based Highly Thermostable and Biodegradable Polyester/ Clay Nanocomposites, Degrad. Stabil., 94, 2221-2230, 2009.
  84. You Ch., Xu J., Zeng Y., Lia Y., Jia D., and Nishi T., Morphology and Performance of Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites Modified with Organoclay and Thermoplastic Polyurethane, Chinese J. Polym. Sci., 28, 913-922, 2010.
  85. Morote-Martınez V., Torregrosa-Coque R., and Martın-Martinez J.M., Addition of Unmodified Nanoclay to Improve the Performance of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Coating on Natural Stone, J. Adhes. Adhes., 31,154-163, 2011.
  86. Katoch S. and Kundu P.P., Thermal and Mechanical Behavior of Unsaturated Polyester [Derived from Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Waste] and Montmorillonite-Filled Nanocomposites Synthesized by In Situ Polymerization, Appl. Polym. Sci., 122, 2731-2740, 2011.
  87. Konwar U., Mandal M., and Karak N., Mesua Ferrea L., Seed Oil Based Acrylate-Modified Thermostable and Biodegradable Highly Branched Polyester Resin/Clay Nanocomposites, Org. Coat.,72, 676-685, 2011.
  88. Ruban Y.V., Mon S.G., and Roy D.V., Chemical Resistance/ Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester- Based Nanocomposites, Nanosci., 4, 233-240, 2014.
  89. Divakaran N., Kale M.B., Dhamodharan D., Mubarak S., Wu L., and Wang J., Effect of POSS-Modified Montmorillonite on Thermal, Mechanical, and Electrical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites, Polymers, 12, 2031, 2020.
  90. Wu S., Wang L., Wu L., Weng Z., and Zhou Y., Unsaturated Polyester/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites with Improved Mechanical and Thermal Properties Fabricated by In Situ Polymerization, Appl. Polym. Sci., 134, 45251, 2017.
  91. Poorabdollah M., Beheshty M.H., and Atai M., Cooperative Rearrangement Region in Nanoclay-Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Resin, Eng. Sci., 54, 2859-2865, 2014.
  92. Romanzini D., Cuttica F., Frache A., Zattera A.J., and Amico S.C., Thermal and Fire Retardancy Studies of Clay-Modified Unsaturated Polyester/Glass Fiber Composites, Compos., 40, 1-10, 2015.
  93. George M., Kochimoolayil G.E., and Jayadas Narakathra H., Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Modified Kaolin Clay/Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites, Appl. Polym. Sci., 133, 1-8, 2016.
  94. Guo Zh., Lin H., Karki A.B., Wei S., Young D.P., Park S., Willis J., and Hahn T.H., Facile Monomer Stabilization Approach to Fabricate Iron/Vinyl Ester Resin Nanocomposites, Sci. Technol., 68, 2551-2556, 2008.
  95. Alam M., Beg H., and Yunus R., Micro Structure and Fractography of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites, Compos., 8, 1-10, 2016.
  96. Xu L. and Lee L.J., Effect of Nanoclay on Shrinkage Control of Low Profile Unsaturated Polyester (UP) Resin Cured at Room Temperature, Polymer, 45, 7325-7334, 2004.
  97. Schubel P.J., Johnson M.S., Warrior N.A., and Rudd C.D., Characterisation of Thermoset Laminates for Cosmetic Automotive Applications: Part III–Shrinkage Control via Nanoscale Reinforcement, Composites, 37, 1757-1772, 2006.
  98. Tsai T., Kuo C.H., Chen W.C., Hsu C., and Chung C.H., Reducing the Print-Through Phenomenon and Increasing the Curing Degree of UP/ST/Organo-Montmorillonite Nanocomposites, Clay Sci., 49, 224-228, 2010.
  99. Suh D.J., LimY.T., and Park O.O., The Property and Formation Mechanism of Unsaturated Polyester-Layered Silicate Nanocomposite Depending on the Fabrication Methods, Polymer, 41, 8557–8563, 2000.
  100. Ray D., Sengupta S., Sengupta S.P., Mohanty A.K., and Misra M., Preparation and Properties of Vinylester Resin/Clay Nanocomposites, Mater. Eng., 291,1513-1520, 2006.
  101. Yuan L., Ma X., Liang G., and Yan H., Fibre Reinforced Organic Rectorite/Unsaturated Polyester Composites, Sci. Technol., 67, 2311-2322, 2007.
  102. Lucignano C., Quadrini F., and Santo L., Dynamic Mechanical Performances of Polyester–Clay Nanocomposite Thick Films, Compos. Mater., 42, 2841-2852, 2008.
  103. Gupta S., Mantena P.R., and Al-Ostaz A., Dynamic Mechanical and Impact Property Correlation of Nanoclay and Graphite Platelet Reinforced Vinyl Ester Nanocomposites, Reinf. Plast. Comp., 29, 2037-2047, 2010.
  104. Li G.Z.,Wang L.,Toghiani H., Daulton T.L., and Pittman Jr C.U., Viscoelastic and Mechanical Properties of Vinyl Ester (VE)/Multifunctional Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) Nanocomposites and Multifunctional POSS-Styrene Copolymers, Polymer, 43, 4167-4176, 2002.
  105. Seyhan A.T., Gojny F.H., Tanoglu M., and Schulte K., Rheological and Dynamic-Mechanical Behavior of Carbon Nanotube/Vinyl Ester–Polyester Suspensions and Their Nanocomposites, Polym. J., 43, 2836-2847, 2007.
  106. Haq M., Burgueño R., Mohanty A.K., and Misra M., Bio-Based Polymer Nanocomposites from UPE/EML Blends and Nanoclay: Development, Experimental Characterization and Limits to Synergistic Performance, Composites, 42, 41-49, 2011.
  107. Wang H., Zhang H., Zhao W., Zhang W., and Chen G., Preparation of Polymer/Oriented Graphite Nanosheet Composite by Electric Field-Inducement, Sci. Technol., 68, 238-243, 2008.
  108. More C.V., Botewad S.N., Akman F., Agar O., Pawar P.P., UPR/Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposite: Preparation, Characterization and Application in Photon/Neutron Shielding, Radiat. Isot., 194, 110688, 2023.
  109. Seraji S.M., Song P., Varley R.J., Bourbigot S., Voice D., and Wang H., Fire-Retardant Unsaturated Polyester Thermosets: The State-of-the-Art, Challenges and Opportunities, Eng. J., 430, 132785, 2022.
  110. Tibiletti L., Longuet C., Ferry L., Coutelen Ph., Mas A., Robin J., and Lopez-Cuesta J., Thermal Degradation and Fire Behaviour of Unsaturated Polyesters Filled with Metallic Oxides, Degrad. Stabil., 96, 67-75, 2011.
  111. Alhuthali A. and Low I.M., Multi-Scale Hybrid Eco- Nanocomposites: Synthesis and Characterization of Nano- SiC-Reinforced Vinyl-Ester Eco-Composites, Mater. Sci., 48, 3097-3106, 2013.
  112. Yu X., Wang D., Yuan B., Song L., and Hu Y., The Effect of Carbon Nanotubes/NiFe2O4 on the Thermal Stability, Combustion Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Resin, RSC Adv., 6 , 96974-96983, 2016.
  113. Hai Y., Jiang S., Zhou Ch., Sun P., Huang Y., and Niud S., Fire Safety Unsaturated Polyester Resin Nanocomposites Based on MAX and MXene: A Comparative Investigation on Property and Mechanism, Dalton Trans., 49, 5803-5814, 2020.
  114. Zhuge J., Gou J., and Ibeh Ch., Flame Resistant Performance of Nanocomposites Coated with Exfoliated Graphite Nanoplatelets/Carbon Nanofiber Hybrid Nanopapers, Fire Mater., 36, 241-253, 2012.
  115. Gryshchuk O., Karger-Kocsis J., Thomann R., Ko´nya Z., and Kiricsi I., Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Modified Vinylester and Vinylester-Based Hybrid Resins, Composites, 37, 1252-1259, 2006.
  116. Wu Sh., Masaharu I., Natsuki T., and Ni Q., Electrical Conduction and Percolation Behavior of Carbon Nanotubes/ PR Nanocomposites, Reinf. Plast. Comp., 25, 1957-1966, 2006.
  117. Thostenson E.T., Ziaee S., and Chou T., Processing and Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotube/Vinyl ester Nanocomposites, Sci. Technol., 69, 801-804, 2009.
  118. De Rosa I.M., Dinescu A., Sarasini F., Sarto M.S., and Tamburrano A., Effect of Short Carbon Fibers and MWCNTs on Microwave Absorbing Properties of Polyester Composites Containing Nickel-Coated Carbon Fibers, Sci. Technol., 70, 102-109, 2010.
  119. Monti M., Terenzi A., Natali M., Gaztelumendi I., Markaide N., Kenny J.M., and Torre L., Development of Unsaturated Polyester Matrix-Carbon Nanofibers Nanocomposites with Improved Electrical Properties, Appl. Polym. Sci., 117, 1658- 1666, 2010.
  120. Battisti A., Skordos A.A., and Partridge I.K., Percolation Threshold of Carbon Nanotubes Filled Unsaturated Polyesters, Sci. Technol., 70, 633-637, 2010.
  121. Divakaran N., Kale M.B., Senthil T., Mubarak S., Dhamodharan D., Wu L., and Wang J., Novel Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites via Hybrid 3D POSS-Modified Graphene Oxide Reinforcement: Electro-Technical Application Perspective, Nanomaterials, 10, 260, 2020.
  122. Beheshty M.H., Vafayan M., and Poorabdollah M., Shrinkage Control and Kinetics Behaviour of Clay-Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites, Polym. J., 15, 841-849, 2006.
  123. Zhou Y., Yang X., and Jia D., Cure Behavior of Unsaturated Polyester/Modified Montmorillonite Nanocomposites, Int., 56, 267-274, 2007.
  124. Poorabdollah M., Beheshty M.H., and Vafayan M., Kinetic Modeling of Nanoclay-Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Resin, Polym. Compos., 32, 1265-1273, 2011.
  125. Akhlaghi Sh., Kalaee M., Jowdar E., Nouri A., Mazinani S., Afshari M., Famili M.N., Amini N., and Behrouz T., Simultaneous Study of Cure Kinetics and Rheology of Montmorillonite/Vinyl Ester Resin Nanocomposites, Adv. Technol., 23, 534-544, 2012.
  126. Naderi N., Mazinani S., Beheshty M.H., and Mahdi Rajab M., Cure Kinetics of Hot Cured Unsaturated Polyester (UP)/Nanoclay Nanocomposite Including Dual Initiators, Rubber Compos., 44, 19-25, 2015.
  127. Vargas M.A., Montiel R., and Vazquez H., Effect of Ammonium and Aminosilane Montmorillonites Organo-Clays on the Curing Kinetics of Unsaturated Polyester (UP) Resin Nanocomposites, Acta, 630, 21-30, 2016.
  128. Jesson D.A., Abel M., Hay J.N., Smith P.A., and Watts J.F., Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanoparticles: Surface Characteristics and Interactions with a Polyester Resin, Langmuir, 22, 5144-5151, 2006.
  129. Brito-Silva A.M., de Araujo C.B., Brayner F.A., Santos S.S., Galembeck A., and Milet E.R., Silver Nanoparticles Formation within Unsaturated Polyester/Styrene Resins Induced by UV Irradiation and Thermal Treatment, Eng. Sci., 50, 2350- 2355, 2010.
  130. Poorabdollah M., Beheshty M.H., and Atai M., Investigating Curing Kinetics and Structural Relaxation Phenomena of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Containing Silanized Silica, Compos. Mater., 50, 2459-2467, 2016.
  131. Monti M., Puglia D., Natali M., Torre L., and Kenny J.M., Effect of Carbon Nanofibers on the Cure Kinetics of Unsaturated Polyester Resin: Thermal and Chemorheological Modeling, Sci. Technol.,71, 1507-1516, 2011.
  132. Yavari N., Poorabdollah M., and Rajabi L., Graphene Oxide and Silane-Modified Graphene Oxide/Unsaturated Polyester Resin Nanocomposites: A Comparative Cure Kinetic and Diffusion Study, Thermochim. Acta, 707,179081, 2022.
مجله علوم و تکنولوژی پلیمر
دوره 36، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 186
مهر و آبان 1402
صفحه 327-363

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار